4^th European Summit on Cardiology Research April 17-18, 2023 Paris, France

Pediatric cardiology deals with the irregularities and ailments of the heart in kids below 18 years of age. Different types of heart diseases or conditions can affect children in their early childhood or they may suffer from congenital defects. Pediatric cardiologists diagnose and treat children with heart conditions before they are born, through childhood and into adulthood.

• Echocardiography
• Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
• Salicylate Sodium

Preventive cardiology is a subspecialty focused on lowering patients' risk for developing heart disease and having a first heart attack or stroke while also preventing further issues in people who already have cardiovascular disease. Genetics play a big role in your risk of developing heart disease, but so does your lifestyle. Johns Hopkins cardiologists are leaders in preventive cardiology research. With preventive cardiology, the goal is to reduce risk factors and prevent any signs of disease from getting worse.

• Statin
• Cardiovascular Risk
• Ischemic Heart Disease

Cardiac rehabilitation is a supervised program that includes: Physical activity. Education about healthy living, including how to eat healthy, take medicine as prescribed, and quit smoking. Counselling to find ways to relieve stress and improve mental health. Reduce the risk of mortality secondary to CVD, and improve cardiovascular function to help patients achieve their highest quality of life possible.

• Tobacco cessation
• Psychosocial management
• Physical activity counselling

Cardio-oncology is a new field of interest in cardiology that focuses on the detection, monitoring, and treatment of cardiovascular disease occurring as a side effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Cardio-oncology is neither the science nor the practice of treating heart tumors, rather an emerging multidisciplinary field that focuses on the cardiovascular management (prevention, diagnosis and treatment) of patients with cancer.

The core objective of the cardio-oncology discipline is to ensure that "the cancer patient of today does not become the heart patient of tomorrow."

• Arterial hypertension
• Thromboembolic disease
• Valvular heart disease

Congenital heart disease is a general term for a range of birth defects that affect the normal way the heart works. The term "congenital" means the condition is present from birth. Congenital heart disease is one of the most common types of birth defect, affecting almost 1 in 100 babies born in the UK.

CHD can be subdivided in non-cyanotic CHD and cyanotic CHD which is also called critical congenital heart disease (CCHD).CCHD can be further classified into 3 different types of lesions: right heart obstructive lesions, left heart obstructive lesions, and mixing lesions.

• ventricular septal defect
• pulmonary valve stenosis
• right ventricular hypertrophy
• overriding aorta

Coronary heart disease is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is also called coronary artery disease. There are three types of coronary heart disease, including: Obstructive coronary artery disease. Non-obstructive coronary artery disease. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection.

• Age
• Diabetes
• High cholesterol

Potential causes of myocarditis include Viruses. Many viruses have been linked to myocarditis, including those that cause the common cold (adenovirus); COVID-19; hepatitis B and C; parvovirus, which causes a mild rash, usually in children (fifth disease); and herpes simplex virus.

• Acute myocarditis
• Chronic myocarditis
• Lymphocytic myocarditis

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the structures within and around the heart. Doctors use cardiac MRI to detect or monitor cardiac disease. Cardiac imaging, also called cardiovascular imaging, is a broad term that includes several ways to take pictures of your heart and surrounding anatomy. The main types of cardiac imaging are: Echocardiogram (echo). Cardiac computed tomography (CT).

Leading risk factors for heart disease and stroke are high blood pressure, high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, diabetes, smoking and second hand smoke exposure, obesity, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity. When pieces of plaque break free, blood clots can form, blocking the flow of blood to the heart. When that happens, the heart muscle does not get the oxygen and nutrients that it needs, and parts of the heart may become damaged or die. This is a heart attack, also known as myocardial infarction

• Ischemic Stroke
• Hemorrhagic Stroke
• Transient Ischemic Attack (Mini-Stroke)

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the legs or lower extremities is the narrowing or blockage of the vessels that carry blood from the heart to the legs. It is primarily caused by the buildup of fatty plaque in the arteries, which is called atherosclerosis. Medications called statins are commonly prescribed for people with peripheral artery disease. Statins help lower bad cholesterol and reduce plaque buildup in the arteries. The drugs also lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

• Blood vessel inflammation
• Injury to the arms or legs
• Changes in the muscles or ligaments
• Radiation exposure

Aortic valve disease is a type of heart valve disease. In aortic valve disease, the valve between the lower left heart chamber (left ventricle) and the main artery to the body (aorta) doesn't work properly. The aortic valve helps keep blood flowing in the correct direction through the heart. The causes of an aortic aneurysm are often unknown, but can include: Atherosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries). Inflammation of the arteries. Inherited conditions, especially those that affect connective tissue

• Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms. A thoracic aortic aneurysm happens in the chest
• Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. An abdominal aortic aneurysm happens below the chest
• Other Types of Aneurysms. Aneurysms can happen in other parts of your body

A heart arrhythmia (uh-RITH-me-uh) is an irregular heartbeat. Heart rhythm problems (heart arrhythmias) occur when the electrical signals .This is a heartbeat that has an abnormal speed or rhythm. The “a” prefix in arrhythmia means a lack or an absence of something. In this case, a lack of (normal) rhythm. Meanwhile, “dys” is a prefix that means something is difficult or doesn't work properly.

• Ventricular fibrillation
• Ventricular tachycardia
• Premature ventricular beats (PVCs)
• Torsades de pointes

Individuals infected with HIV have a significantly increased risk for a variety of cardiovascular complications, including acute myocardial infarction, heart failure with both reduced and preserved ejection fraction, sudden cardiac death, peripheral arterial disease and stroke. Untreated HIV increases the risk of heart disease, but starting treatment right away after diagnosis can reduce these risks.

High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is blood pressure that is higher than normal. Your blood pressure changes throughout the day based on your activities. Having blood pressure measures consistently above normal may result in a diagnosis of  high blood pressure (or hypertension).Some of  the symptoms of hypertension are early morning headaches, nosebleeds, irregular heart rhythms, vision changes, and buzzing in the ears. Severe hypertension can cause fatigue, nausea, vomiting, confusion, anxiety, chest pain, and muscle tremors.

Interventional cardiology is a non-surgical option which uses a small, flexible tube called a catheter to repair damaged or weakened vessels, narrowed arteries, or other affected parts of the heart structure. “The major difference between interventional cardiology and general cardiology is that interventional cardiologists are trained to perform specific catheter-based treatments for heart disease, whereas general cardiologists are not trained in those procedures”.

List of Interventional Procedures :

• Cardiac catheterization/Angiogram
• Carotid stenting
• Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)/Angioplasty
• Alcohol septal ablation
• Atrial septal defect closure
• Balloon aortic valvuplasty
• Balloon mitral valvuplasty
• Left atrial appendage closure

A heart attack (medically known as a myocardial infarction) is a deadly medical emergency where your heart muscle begins to die because it isn't getting enough blood flow. This is usually caused by a blockage in the arteries that supply blood to your heart. Heart failure means that the heart is unable to pump blood around the body properly. It usually happens because the heart has become too weak or stiff. It's sometimes called congestive heart failure, although this name is not widely used now.

• Left-sided heart failure. Left-sided heart failure is the most common type of heart failure
• Right-sided heart failure. The right heart ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to your lungs to collect oxygen
• Diastolic heart failure
• Systolic heart failure

Stem cells are the fundamental unit of regeneration and reprogramming of cellular fate, key events that govern development, homeostasis, health and successful implementation of therapies for human disease. Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body. They serve as a repair system for the body. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

Women have smaller arteries than men, so coronary artery disease develops differently, and more diffusely. Also, CAD in women tends to afflict smaller arteries that feed the heart. Although heart disease is sometimes thought of as a man's disease, almost as many women as men die each year of heart disease in the United States.

Estrogen helps to protect the heart, which is why women tend to develop heart disease about 10 years later in life than men. Broken heart syndrome, also called stress-induced cardiomyopathy.

• Various heart conditions that can affect women differently from men.
• Common types include coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, diseases of the heart valves, among others.
• Treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications, surgical procedures, cardiac rehabilitation.

Lipid metabolism disorders, such as Gaucher disease and Tay-Sachs disease, involve lipids. Lipids are fats or fat-like substances. They include oils, fatty acids, waxes, and cholesterol. If you have one of these disorders, you may not have enough enzymes to break down lipids.

• Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome
• Chylomicronemia syndrome
• Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency
• Methylmalonic acid blood test
• Methylmalonic acidemia
• Niemann-Pick disease
• Xanthoma

In heart valve disease, one or more of the valves in your heart doesn't work properly. Your heart has four valves that keep blood flowing in the correct direction. In some cases, one or more of the valves don't open or close properly. This can cause the blood flow through your heart to your body to be disrupted.

• Regurgitation (or leakage of the valve). When the valve(s) do not close completely, it causes blood to flow backward through the valve.
• Stenosis (or narrowing of the valve). When the valve(s) opening becomes narrowed, it limits the flow of blood out of the ventricles or atria.